On the (in)dependence of African armed forces

Closely linked to sovereignty, the armed forces are seen as a fundamental component of a country’s independence. But how can we characterize the level of (in)dependence of a defense tool, and is real independence in this area even possible? Lieutenant General Bruno Clément-Bollée, who has devoted a large part of his career to the continent’s defense issues, shares his views on the evolution of African armies since independence.