This paper presents a series of reflections on borders during African countries’ independence movements, based on papers presented at a colloquium entitled, “Borders and Independence,” that was held in Paris in May 2010. It takes a scientific approach, revisiting many historical realities, understandings, and territorial issues that arose between 1950 and 1960, and sheds light on several social, political, and strategic problems affecting contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa.